Ear wax, also known as cerumen, is a natural substance produced by glands in the ear canal. It serves several important functions.
Composition
- Secretions – ear wax is a mixture of secretions from ceruminous glands (modified sweat glands) and sebaceous glands (oil-producing glands) in the ear canal
- Dead skin cells – it also contains dead skin cells from the lining of the ear canal
- Debris -ear wax can trap dust, small particles, and microorganisms
Functions
- Protective barrier – ear wax helps protect the ear canal by trapping dust, debris, and microorganisms, preventing them from reaching the eardrum
- Moisturising – it helps keep the ear canal moisturised, preventing dryness and itching
- Cleaning mechanism – ear wax has a natural self-cleaning mechanism. As it accumulates, it gradually moves out of the ear canal due to the movement of the jaw (e.g., while talking or chewing)
Types
- Dry cerumen – more common in people of Asian and Native American descent, it is usually light in colour and flaky
- Wet cerumen – more common in people of European and African descent, it is typically sticky and moist
Problems and management
- Impacted – sometimes, ear wax can build up and become impacted, causing symptoms like hearing loss, earache, dizziness, or itching
- Excessive production – some people produce more ear wax than others, which can lead to buildup and potential blockage
- Removal – if ear wax becomes impacted or causes symptoms, it can be removed by a healthcare professional using methods such as irrigation, manual extraction, or ear drops designed to soften the wax. It is generally advised not to use cotton swabs or other objects to clean the ears, as these can push the wax further into the ear canal or cause injury
If you’re experiencing symptoms related to ear wax buildup or have concerns about your ear health, it’s best to consult a healthcare professional for appropriate advice and treatment.
References
- Ear wax. MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia, USA. Accessed 17 July 2024
- Ear wax information. Mount Sinai – New York, USA. Accessed 17 July 2024
- Got an earful? Here’s some advice for ear wax removal. Harvard Health, USA. Accessed 17 July 2024
- Understanding the basics of ear wax. Ear Science Institute Australia. Accessed 17 July 2024
Last reviewed and updated: 17 July 2024
